correlation

By The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences June 18, 2023In space, you can see impending earthquakes. Not so literally, as in the above collage of photos, but still clearly – in the changes in the intensity of cosmic rays recorded by observatories on the surface of our planet. Credit: IFJ PAN/NASA/JSCScientists have found a strong statistical link between changes in cosmic radiation and seismic activity, potentially aiding in earthquake prediction. However, the ability to predict…

Researchers analyzed data from eight US cities, from 2009 to 2018, which included 69,525 dog bite incidents, noticing that incidents rose by eleven percent on days with higher UV levels, four percent on hotter days, and three percent on days with elevated ozone levels.A recent study suggests dog bites may increase by up to 11% on warmer, sunnier days, and those with high air pollution. The ten-year data showed increases with higher UV, temperature, and ozone levels, but decreased slightly on rainy days. However, as the…

A gentle introduction to some very common measures of associationPhoto by Richard Horvath on UnsplashIntroductionUnderstanding associations between variables is crucial for building accurate models and making informed decisions. Statistics can be a messy business; full of noise and random variation. Yet, by identifying the patterns and connections between variables, we can draw insights into how varying features influence each other. For the data scientist and data analyst, such associations are exceedingly useful,…

A large-scale animal study from 2021 revealed something interesting about yawning: Vertebrates with larger brains and more neurons tend to have longer-lasting yawns.Researchers collected data on 1,291 separate yawns from zoo trips and online videos, covering a total of 55 mammal species and 46 bird species. They found "robust positive correlations" between how long an animal yawns and the size of its brain."We went to several zoos with a camera and waited by the animal enclosures for the animals to yawn," ethologist Jorg…

Can a custom tailor made stateful mapping function based on bloom filters outperform the generic Spark stream-stream join?Photo by Kalpaj on Unsplash, Peggys Cove, NS, CanadaSpark’s flatMapGroupsWithState function allows users to apply custom code on grouped data and provides support to persist user defined states.In this article, we will implement a stateful function that retrieves the tags (features) of a parent process. The crux of the the solution is to create a composite key made of the process ID (e_key in the…

Comparison of various correlation methodologiesOnly One Key Will Unlock, by DALL.E 2We are very familiar with the phrase “correlation does not imply causation” but let’s go through a real example to understand what implications confusing correlation with causation can have. In February 1998, a paper was published claiming a causal association between certain vaccines and autism in children. This paper was later found to be fraudulent and was retracted in 2010. One can only imagine the implication of such a claim on the…

STATISTICSInterpreting correlation is far more difficult than most people think. Misinterpreting it, on the other hand, is not.Perfect correlation! Photo by Matt Seymour on UnsplashCorrelation… Who has not heard about correlation? We use this term so often and yet we don’t know too much about it. When you say, “These two things are correlated,” what do you actually mean? Or what do you mean when you say that the correlation between two things is strong?For data scientists and statisticians, correlation is even more…

Generating Insights from the Solutions of a Particle Swarm Algorithm for Finding the Nearest Correlation MatrixBy AuthorThe purpose of this article is to evaluate the performance of two algorithms for finding the nearest positive semi-definite (PSD) correlation matrix. The first algorithm is a classical method, while the second is a brute force approach. This is relevant for data with high dimensions or missing values, as these types of data can often produce non-PSD matrices. The nearest PSD correlation matrix is useful…

What is Correlation?A statistical tool that helps in the study of the relationship between two variables is known as Correlation. It also helps in understanding the economic behaviour of the variables. However, correlation does not tell anything about the cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables. Correlation can be measured through three different methods; viz., Scatter Diagram, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation, and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient. According to L.R. Connor, “If two or more…

What is Correlation?A statistical tool that helps in the study of the relationship between two variables is known as Correlation. It also helps in understanding the economic behaviour of the variables. However, correlation does not tell anything about the cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables. Correlation can be measured through three different methods; viz., Scatter Diagram, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation, and Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient. According to L.R. Connor, “If two or more…