In franchising, playing tough early may support long-term benefits
Retail signs along Duff Ave in Ames, IA, April 2022. Credit: Christopher Gannon/Iowa State University
From McDonalds to Marriott, 7-Eleven to Ace Hardware, we're surrounded by franchises. They are the dominant retail model in the U.S., and underpinning their success are franchisors who grow a network of franchisees who use their own resources to open and run brick-and-mortar stores.…