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Increasing urbanization contributes to racial and gender inequality, study shows

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Bivariate relationships between ∆WageGap and ∆PopulationDensity across MSAs.Notes: N = 229. Data come from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2014-2018 ACS (Manson et al., Citation2021; Ruggles et al., Citation2021). AAPI = Asian American and Pacific Islander. r = correlation coefficient. Correlations are weighted by 1 divided by the (heteroskedasticity robust) variance of ∆WageGap. Circle sizes correspond to the size of the weights. Rug plots on the y-axis show the distribution of ∆WageGap. ∆WageGap was estimated with controls for race, gender, age, age squared, education, nativity, and martial status. The plots are cut off at −10 and 10 though some values are outside this range. ***, **, and * correspond to p-values less than .01, .05, and .10 respectively. Credit: Journal of Urban Affairs (2023). DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2023.2252538

Researchers who study cities have long documented an “urban wage premium,” whereby workers in denser, larger cities tend to have higher wage and salary incomes. But a new study by a UCLA scholar is providing fresh insight into how growing population density in urban areas contributes to pay inequalities by race and gender.

In research published this month in the Journal of Urban Affairs, Max Buchholz, a postdoctoral researcher working with Professor Michael Storper of the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, shows that this wage premium primarily benefits white and male workers, with significantly less positive impacts for Black workers, and possibly none for Latino and female workers.

Furthermore, gender-based wage inequality related to urbanization tends to be significant between men and women who have children but relatively insubstantial between men and women without children.

“My findings suggest there is something about cities that makes it particularly difficult for women to manage the dual responsibilities of child care and having a career,” Buchholz said.

He also looked at the constraints and tradeoffs that arise when urban workers balance employment opportunities with choices about housing quality and affordability, commuting, and other activities. These “congestion costs” have been shown to have negative impacts disproportionately borne by women and people of color.

In particular, Buchholz found that the relationship between density and pay inequality became stronger when commute times to and from work also increased. Moreover, as urban areas get denser, commute times for Black workers and Asian American and Pacific Islander workers increase relative to white workers. But female–male commuting inequality decreases.

“This suggests that rising density doubly disadvantages Black workers with relatively lower wages and longer commutes prompts AAPI workers to commute longer for pay that is equal to white workers, and constrains women’s access to jobs that suit their skills and qualifications,” Buchholz said.

More information:
Maximilian Buchholz, Does urbanization increase inequality? Race, gender, and the urban wage premium, Journal of Urban Affairs (2023). DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2023.2252538

Provided by
University of California, Los Angeles


Citation:
Increasing urbanization contributes to racial and gender inequality, study shows (2023, November 21)
retrieved 21 November 2023
from https://phys.org/news/2023-11-urbanization-contributes-racial-gender-inequality.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.




Increasing urbanization contributes to racial and gender inequality, study shows
Bivariate relationships between ∆WageGap and ∆PopulationDensity across MSAs.Notes: N = 229. Data come from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2014-2018 ACS (Manson et al., Citation2021; Ruggles et al., Citation2021). AAPI = Asian American and Pacific Islander. r = correlation coefficient. Correlations are weighted by 1 divided by the (heteroskedasticity robust) variance of ∆WageGap. Circle sizes correspond to the size of the weights. Rug plots on the y-axis show the distribution of ∆WageGap. ∆WageGap was estimated with controls for race, gender, age, age squared, education, nativity, and martial status. The plots are cut off at −10 and 10 though some values are outside this range. ***, **, and * correspond to p-values less than .01, .05, and .10 respectively. Credit: Journal of Urban Affairs (2023). DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2023.2252538

Researchers who study cities have long documented an “urban wage premium,” whereby workers in denser, larger cities tend to have higher wage and salary incomes. But a new study by a UCLA scholar is providing fresh insight into how growing population density in urban areas contributes to pay inequalities by race and gender.

In research published this month in the Journal of Urban Affairs, Max Buchholz, a postdoctoral researcher working with Professor Michael Storper of the UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, shows that this wage premium primarily benefits white and male workers, with significantly less positive impacts for Black workers, and possibly none for Latino and female workers.

Furthermore, gender-based wage inequality related to urbanization tends to be significant between men and women who have children but relatively insubstantial between men and women without children.

“My findings suggest there is something about cities that makes it particularly difficult for women to manage the dual responsibilities of child care and having a career,” Buchholz said.

He also looked at the constraints and tradeoffs that arise when urban workers balance employment opportunities with choices about housing quality and affordability, commuting, and other activities. These “congestion costs” have been shown to have negative impacts disproportionately borne by women and people of color.

In particular, Buchholz found that the relationship between density and pay inequality became stronger when commute times to and from work also increased. Moreover, as urban areas get denser, commute times for Black workers and Asian American and Pacific Islander workers increase relative to white workers. But female–male commuting inequality decreases.

“This suggests that rising density doubly disadvantages Black workers with relatively lower wages and longer commutes prompts AAPI workers to commute longer for pay that is equal to white workers, and constrains women’s access to jobs that suit their skills and qualifications,” Buchholz said.

More information:
Maximilian Buchholz, Does urbanization increase inequality? Race, gender, and the urban wage premium, Journal of Urban Affairs (2023). DOI: 10.1080/07352166.2023.2252538

Provided by
University of California, Los Angeles


Citation:
Increasing urbanization contributes to racial and gender inequality, study shows (2023, November 21)
retrieved 21 November 2023
from https://phys.org/news/2023-11-urbanization-contributes-racial-gender-inequality.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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