Interval

#include <bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;  int orCalculate(int st, int length,                vector<vector<int> >& bitPrefix){    int val = 0;    for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++) {        int cnt            = bitPrefix - bitPrefix;        if (cnt != 0)                                                  val += (1 << j);    }    return val;}  int andCalculate(int st, int length,                 vector<vector<int> >& bitPrefix){    int val = 0;    for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++) {…

Given an array arr of size N that denotes the type of an element, and another time array time of size N where time denotes the time interval between picking two elements of the ith type. The task is to find the time taken to pick all the elements while traversing from left to right of the array.Note: Moving between adjacent positions takes 1 unit of time and no extra time is required to pick an element. Also, the arrays follow 1-based indexing.Examples: Input: N = 4, arr = {1, 2, 3, 3}, time = {1, 2, 3, 4}Output:…

Choose the right interval estimate for your predictionPhoto by J Scott Rakozy on UnsplashConfidence intervals and prediction intervals are two types of interval estimates that are used in statistical analysis to quantify the uncertainty associated with a given estimate. Both types of intervals provide a range of values within which the true value of a parameter is likely to lie, with a specified level of confidence. However, there are some key differences between confidence intervals and prediction intervals, which are…

While you’ve always been able to customize Apple Watch workouts, the company finally added the ability to create custom interval workouts in watchOS 9. That’s clutch for any athlete itching to set a PR at their next race or just looking to switch up their training routine.Previously, the only workaround for interval training on the Apple Watch was the segments feature. At any time during an activity, you could double-tap the screen to make note of a significant section of your workout. While handy, it relied on users…

An easy way to clean questionnaire and measurement dataPhoto by Alex Green from PexelsIf you’re using R for data analysis, chances are you might run into a situation where you’re working with interval data. Often, it’s useful to be able to reverse data on an interval scale. Here’s how to do it, with step-by-step examples. If you want all the code featured in this article in one script, check out the GitHub gist at the end.Imagine you’re a psychologist who has collected data about people’s experiences of anxiety. You gave…

A refresher on how to interpret statistical inference correctlyPhoto by Scott Graham on UnsplashStatistical inference, such as hypothesis testing and confidence interval, are well-known concepts in statistics. However, many people including myself would sometimes misinterpret the result from statistical inference. Hopefully, this article would serve as a refresher on how to interpret statistical inference correctly.What is Statistical Inference?If we are studying the average household income in Los Angeles, it is…

Imagine a small music venue. There are many such places dotted around the UK, the sort of spot where you might catch an up-and-coming band, some folk or jazz, the occasional standup comedian. I’m thinking of a real venue, capacity 500, in the south of England. There’s nowhere else to see live music in this town, and it’s been going for decades. Only it may not be around for much longer. It’s just had its electricity bill, from the largely state-owned French company EDF (fill in your own ironies). That bill is 640% higher…

An intuitive explanationPhoto by Camylla Battani on UnsplashIn my previous article, I discussed why you should prefer reporting 95% confidence interval over p-value, especially when you are explaining the findings of your study to non-statistician readers/audiences. In this article, I continue the discussion further and try to provide a bit more clarity.Regarding the “correct” interpretation of the confidence interval, one of my readers asked a great question:As a student, I had the same question for a long time. Indeed,…

Useful in a data distribution studyEIPF heatmap of the standard normal distribution. Image by Author.In practical everyday data science tasks, we often study the distribution of some data, in particular with the use of graphical statistical methods such as histogram, boxplot, or empirical CDF (ECDF for short). In this article, I will introduce a new type of graph obtained as a heatmap of the values of a newly defined function, the so-called empirical interval probability function (EIPF for short). This graph provides…

Communicating Results of Your Statistical AnalysisPhoto by el pepe on UnsplashThe journey of an analyst in the world of data science, fundamentally, consists of three phases: learning, doing, and presenting. These phases are not necessarily linear; of course, most of us go back and forth. Which of these three phases do you perceive to be the most difficult one?Personally, I think the third one is the most complicated. Surely the earlier two phases have enough challenges; however, after a while, you realize that learning…