Lead Times Variability and Supply Chain Resilience | by Samir Saci | Aug, 2022

Understand the sources of lead times variability and its impact on the robustness of your inventory management strategies.

Objective
Simulate the impacts of process variability on the performance of an international logistics network.

Inventory Management
For a retail group, inventory managers build replenishment policies to minimize stock levels and reduce ordering costs while avoiding shortages in stores.

They need to consider the distribution of the demand and the lead times to replenish stores.

However, they often assume a constant lead time based on targets fixed with suppliers and logistic teams.

In this article, we will understand how process variability can greatly impact these lead times and break the resilience of your supply chain.

As an Inventory Manager of an international fashion retail chain, you are in charge of setting replenishment rules in the ERP.

Demand Variability
You have visibility of the daily fulfilled demand for each store. We will assume in this example that the demand is following a normal distribution.

Continuous Review Policy
You implemented a continuous review policy using: Order Point, Order Quantity (s, Q).

If the level is below the minimum threshold s, called safety stock, you reorder Q pieces.

Safety Stock Calculation
The safety stock is necessary to cover the demand during the replenishment but also to compensate for the volatility of the demand.

A key element here is the replenishment lead time. If it is underestimated you can face stock-outs in stores.

For more information:

The replenishment lead time is the timing between the order creation and the store delivery.

Target Lead Times (LT)

When you designed replenishment rules, you used target lead times provided by the logistic teams.

A complex succession of processes
Their responsibility is to ensure optimal execution of the tasks from the order creation to the store delivery,

• Step 1: replenishment orders are created in the ERP
• Step 2: orders are transmitted to the Warehouse Management System
• Step 3: orders are prepared and packed by warehouse teams
• Step 4: transportation teams organize the transportation from the distribution centre to the stores

Cut-off Times
For each step, you have a target lead time and a cut-off time.

These cut-off times can greatly impact the total lead time (LT):

• Order Reception: if an order is received after 18:00:00 it cannot be prepared the day after (+24 hours in LT)
• Truck leaving: if an order is not packed before 19:00:00 it cannot be loaded the same day (+24 hours in LT)
• Arrival at Airport: if your shipment arrives after 00:30:00 it misses the flight (+24 hours LT)
• Landing: if your flight lands after 20:00:00 you need to wait an extra day for the customer clearance (+24 hours LT)
• Store Delivery: if your trucks arrive after 16:30:00 your shipments cannot be received by store teams (+24 hours LT)

Introduce some variability

In the example below, the different steps are smoothly coordinated and cut-off times are respected because the targets are respected.

Let’s now introduce some variability around the targets to stick more to the reality of logistic operations.

Stochastic Lead Times

For each process, we add some variability around the target to simulate the reality of operations.

In the example below, I have simulated variations around the lead time targets using normally distributed variables.

Below are the parameters used: Lead time (minutes), COV (%)

{'Transmission': [60, 0.4], 'Pickpack': [480, 0.2], 'Loading': [90, 0.05], 'Warehouse Airport': [180, 0.15], 'Flight': [720, 0.15], 'Custom Clearance': [120, 0.3], 'Truck Preparation': [45, 0.2], 'Airport Store': [240, 0.25]}

Scenarios Simulation: Results

For the normal scenario, the total lead time is 72.5 hours.

Let us now measure the gap between this ideal result and 200 scenarios simulated with variability in the lead times.

Results are split into four categories:

• All cut-off times are respected: lead times are very close to 72.5 hours
• +24 h: 1 cut-off time missed
• +48 h: 2 cut-off times missed

Root-Cause Analysis
We are lucky that only 2 out of 5 cut-offs have been missed. Let us now deep dive into each leg of transportation to find the root causes.

Loading Lead Time

For 20 scenarios, we missed the cut-off time for loading (19:00:00) mainly because of delays during the pick and pack.

Lead Time Take-off

We have the same 20 scenarios with large delays (24+ hours). Therefore, the transportation from the warehouse did not cause any late arrival at the airport.

Lead Time Custom Clearance

We have now scenarios with 48+ hours, and additional scenarios with 24+ hours. Because of delays due to the flight time several shipments arrived after the clearance cut-off.

End-To-End Analysis

In the last graph, we analyse the total delivery lead time:

• Above the red line: >96h of LT because of 3 cut-offs missed
• Above the orange line: >72h of LT because of 2 cut-offs missed
• Above the yellow line: >48h of LT because of 1 cut-off missed
• Above the green line: all the cut-offs have been respected

We can see in the red plot that the store delivery cut-off impacted several scenarios and added 24+ hours.

In this example, we showed that target lead times are not guaranteed.

These scenarios with late deliveries are bringing instability to the supply chain and draining a lot of energy from the operational teams.

This kind of analysis can be automated if your company is developing advanced end-to-end supply chain analytics capabilities.

You can find an example of a design approach in this article,

If you are interested in Supply Chain Analytics, have a look at my website

Understand the sources of lead times variability and its impact on the robustness of your inventory management strategies.

Objective
Simulate the impacts of process variability on the performance of an international logistics network.

Inventory Management
For a retail group, inventory managers build replenishment policies to minimize stock levels and reduce ordering costs while avoiding shortages in stores.

They need to consider the distribution of the demand and the lead times to replenish stores.

However, they often assume a constant lead time based on targets fixed with suppliers and logistic teams.

In this article, we will understand how process variability can greatly impact these lead times and break the resilience of your supply chain.

As an Inventory Manager of an international fashion retail chain, you are in charge of setting replenishment rules in the ERP.

Demand Variability
You have visibility of the daily fulfilled demand for each store. We will assume in this example that the demand is following a normal distribution.

Continuous Review Policy
You implemented a continuous review policy using: Order Point, Order Quantity (s, Q).

If the level is below the minimum threshold s, called safety stock, you reorder Q pieces.

Safety Stock Calculation
The safety stock is necessary to cover the demand during the replenishment but also to compensate for the volatility of the demand.

A key element here is the replenishment lead time. If it is underestimated you can face stock-outs in stores.

For more information:

The replenishment lead time is the timing between the order creation and the store delivery.

Target Lead Times (LT)

When you designed replenishment rules, you used target lead times provided by the logistic teams.

A complex succession of processes
Their responsibility is to ensure optimal execution of the tasks from the order creation to the store delivery,

• Step 1: replenishment orders are created in the ERP
• Step 2: orders are transmitted to the Warehouse Management System
• Step 3: orders are prepared and packed by warehouse teams
• Step 4: transportation teams organize the transportation from the distribution centre to the stores

Cut-off Times
For each step, you have a target lead time and a cut-off time.

These cut-off times can greatly impact the total lead time (LT):

• Order Reception: if an order is received after 18:00:00 it cannot be prepared the day after (+24 hours in LT)
• Truck leaving: if an order is not packed before 19:00:00 it cannot be loaded the same day (+24 hours in LT)
• Arrival at Airport: if your shipment arrives after 00:30:00 it misses the flight (+24 hours LT)
• Landing: if your flight lands after 20:00:00 you need to wait an extra day for the customer clearance (+24 hours LT)
• Store Delivery: if your trucks arrive after 16:30:00 your shipments cannot be received by store teams (+24 hours LT)

Introduce some variability

In the example below, the different steps are smoothly coordinated and cut-off times are respected because the targets are respected.

Let’s now introduce some variability around the targets to stick more to the reality of logistic operations.

Stochastic Lead Times

For each process, we add some variability around the target to simulate the reality of operations.

In the example below, I have simulated variations around the lead time targets using normally distributed variables.

Below are the parameters used: Lead time (minutes), COV (%)

{'Transmission': [60, 0.4], 'Pickpack': [480, 0.2], 'Loading': [90, 0.05], 'Warehouse Airport': [180, 0.15], 'Flight': [720, 0.15], 'Custom Clearance': [120, 0.3], 'Truck Preparation': [45, 0.2], 'Airport Store': [240, 0.25]}

Scenarios Simulation: Results

For the normal scenario, the total lead time is 72.5 hours.

Let us now measure the gap between this ideal result and 200 scenarios simulated with variability in the lead times.

Results are split into four categories:

• All cut-off times are respected: lead times are very close to 72.5 hours
• +24 h: 1 cut-off time missed
• +48 h: 2 cut-off times missed

Root-Cause Analysis
We are lucky that only 2 out of 5 cut-offs have been missed. Let us now deep dive into each leg of transportation to find the root causes.

Loading Lead Time

For 20 scenarios, we missed the cut-off time for loading (19:00:00) mainly because of delays during the pick and pack.

Lead Time Take-off

We have the same 20 scenarios with large delays (24+ hours). Therefore, the transportation from the warehouse did not cause any late arrival at the airport.

Lead Time Custom Clearance

We have now scenarios with 48+ hours, and additional scenarios with 24+ hours. Because of delays due to the flight time several shipments arrived after the clearance cut-off.

End-To-End Analysis

In the last graph, we analyse the total delivery lead time:

• Above the red line: >96h of LT because of 3 cut-offs missed
• Above the orange line: >72h of LT because of 2 cut-offs missed
• Above the yellow line: >48h of LT because of 1 cut-off missed
• Above the green line: all the cut-offs have been respected

We can see in the red plot that the store delivery cut-off impacted several scenarios and added 24+ hours.

In this example, we showed that target lead times are not guaranteed.

These scenarios with late deliveries are bringing instability to the supply chain and draining a lot of energy from the operational teams.

This kind of analysis can be automated if your company is developing advanced end-to-end supply chain analytics capabilities.

You can find an example of a design approach in this article,

If you are interested in Supply Chain Analytics, have a look at my website